U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
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Annotated Bibliography
- Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. Millennium Edition – Revision No. 1, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., December 2001.
- Mace, D.J., R.B. King, and G.W. Dauber. Sign Luminance Requirements for Various Background Complexities, FHWA/RD-85/056, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1985.
- Austin, R.L. and H.L. Woltman. Evaluation of Headlamp Systems for Nighttime Safety: Their Relationship to Retroreflective Traffic Signs, In Transportation Research Board 1149, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1987
- Mace, D.J., R.S., Hostetter, L.E. Pollack, and W.D. Sweig. Minimal Luminance Requirements for Official Highway Signs, FHWA/RD-86/151, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1986.
- Stein, A.C., Z. Parseghian, R.W. Allen, and C.E. Wolf. Overhead Guide Sign Visibility Factors - Volumes I, FHWA/RD-88/196, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1989.
- Mace, D.J., P.M. Garvey, and R.F. Heckard. Relative Visibility of Increased Legend Size vs. Brighter Materials for Traffic Signs, FHWA-RD-94-035, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1994.
- Paniati, J.R., and Mace, D.J. Minimum Retroreflectivity Requirements for Traffic Signs, FHWA/RD-93/077, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1993.
- United States Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act of 1992, Public Law 102-388, 106 Statute 1520, Section 406.
- McGee, H. W. and J.A. Paniati. An Implementation Guide for Minimum Retroreflectivity Requirements for Traffic Signs. FHWA/RD-97/052, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1998.
- McGee, H.W. and S. Taori. Impacts on State and Local Agencies for Maintaining Traffic Signs within Minimum Retroreflectivity Guidelines. Report No. FHWA-RD-97-053, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1998.
- American Society for Testing and Materials, Standard Specification for Retroreflective Sheeting for Traffic Control, ASTM D4956-99, West Conshohocken, PA, 1999.
- Gordon, D.A., Night Visibility o Overhead Guide Signs: A Review of the Literature. FHWA/RD-84/087, Federal Highway Department, Washington, D.C., 1984.
- Stein, A.C., Z. Parseghian, R.W. Allen, and C.E. Wolf. Overhead Guide Sign Visibility Factors - Volumes II, FHWA/RD-88/197, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1989.
- ITE Technical Council Committee 4A-26, Street Name Sign Practices, ITE Journal, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, D.C., May 1992.
- Advance Notice of Proposed Amendments to the MUTCD: Minimum In-Service Retroreflective Performance of Traffic Control Devices. Federal Register, Volume 50, Number 81, Pages 16515-16517, April 26, 1985.
- United States Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act of 1992, Public Law 102-388, 106 Statute 1520, Section 406.
- Carlson, P.J. and H.G. Hawkins. Minimum Retroreflectivity Values for Overhead Guide Signs and Street Name Signs. Unpublished DRAFT Final Report No. FHWA-RD-01-###, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2001.
- Carlson, P.J. and G.H. Hawkins, Jr.. Minimum Retroreflectivity Values for Overhead and Street Name Signs. Accepted for Publication in Transportation Research Record, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., March 2002.
- Farber, E. and C. Matle. PCDETECT: A Revised Version of the DETECT Seeing Distance Model. Transportation Research Record1213. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1989.
- Blackwell, H.R. Contrast Thresholds of the Human Eye. Journal of the Optical Society of America, Volume 36, Number 11, November 1946.
- American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard Specification for Retroreflective Sheeting for Traffic Control, ASTM D4956-01a, West Conshohocken, PA, 2001.
- Mercier, C.R., C. Goodspeed, C.J. Simmons, and J.F. Paniati. Evaluation of Proposed Minimum Retroreflectivity Requirements for Traffic Signs. In Transportation Research Record 1495, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1995.
- Goodspeed, C.H. and C.R. Mercier. Nighttime Sign Visibility Performance. Unpublished Draft Final Report, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., November 1993.
- A..F. Bildstein, Jr. The Effect of Environmental Illumination on Traffic Sign Conspicuity and Retroreflectivity. Master of Science Thesis, College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 2001.
- Black, K.L., H.W. McGee, S.F. Hussain, and J.J. Rennilson. Service Life of Retroreflective Signs, Report No. FHWA-RD-90-101, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1991.
- K.L. Black, H.W. McGee, and S.F. Hussain. Implementation Strategies for Sign Retroreflectivity Standards. NCHRP Report 346, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1992.
- Hawkins, H.G. and P.J. Carlson. Results of Visual Evaluations of Sign Retroreflectivity Compared with Minimum Retroreflectivity Recommendations. In Transportation Research Record 1754, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2001, pp. 11-20.
- Russell, G., M. Rys, A. Rys, and M. Keck. Characteristics and Needs for Overhead Guide Sign Illumination from Vehicular Headlamps. FHWA-RD-98-135, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1998.
- Chrysler, S.T., P.J. Carlson, H.G. Hawkins, Jr. Headlamp Illumination Provided to Sign Positions by U.S. Vehicles. 16 th Biennial Symposium on Visibility and Simulation (CD-ROM), Transportation Research Board, Iowa City, Iowa, June 2002.
- Schoettle, B., M. Sivak, and M.J. Flannagan. High-beam and low-beam headlighting patterns in the U.S. and Europe at the turn of the millennium. UMTRI-2001-19, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2001.
- Sivak, M., M.J. Flannagan, and Miyokawa A First Look at Visually Aimable and Harmonized Low-Beam Headlamps. UMTRI-2000-1, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2000.
- Sivak, M., M.J. Flannagan, S. Kojima, and E.C. Traube. A Market-Weighted Description of Low-Beam Headlighting Patterns on the U.S. UMTRI-97-37, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1997.
- K. Uding. Exact Road Geometry Output Program For Retroreflective Road Sign Performance. In Transportation Research Record 1421, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1993, pp. 62-28.
- Carlson, P.J. and H.G. Hawkins. Updated Minimum Retroreflectivity Levels for Traffic Signs. Draft Final Report FHWA-RD-03-###, Contract # DTFH61-01-C-00182, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., October, 2002.
- National Highway Safety Administration, Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Associated Equipment. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, Standard 108 (49CFR, Fifth Volume), Revised March 1999.
- Russell, G., et al. - Characteristics and Needs for Overhead Guide Sign Illumination from Vehicular Headlamps, FHWA-RD-98-135, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1998.
- American Society for Testing and Materials, Standard Practice for Describing Retroreflection, ASTM E808-99, West Conshohocken, PA, 1999.
- Hawkins, H.G., P.J. Carlson, J.B. McCaleb, C.R. McIlroy. Impact of Minimum Retroreflectivity Values on Sign Replacement Strategies. FHWA/TX-97/1275-1F, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, TX, 1996.
- Carlson, P.J., Hawkins, Jr., H.E., Schertz, G.H., Opiela, K.S., & Mace, D.J.; “Developing Updated Minimum In-Service Retroreflectivity Values for Traffic Signs,” paper presented at TRB, January 2003.
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