Notes

Chapter 4 A – The Walking Environment
1. Campbell, B., C. Zegeer, H. Huang and M. Cynecki, A Review of Pedestrian Safety Research in the U.S., Washington, D.C.: FHWA, October 1999.
2. Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and
Highways. Washington, D.C.: FHWA, 1988.
3. Zegeer, C., J. Stuart, and H. Huang, Safety Effects of Marked vs. Unmarked Crosswalks at
Uncontrolled Crossing Locations, Washington, D.C.: FHWA, 1999.
Knoblauch, R.L., Tustin, B.H., Smith, S.A., and Pietrucha, M.T. “Investigation of Exposure Based
Pedestrian Areas: Crosswalks, Sidewalks, Local Streets AND Major Arterials” (Report No.
FHWA/RD-88/038). Federal Highway Administration, September 1988.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. Washington, D.C., 1990.
Guidelines for Urban Major Street Design (an ITE recommended practice). Institute of Transportation
Engineers, Washington, D.C., 1984.
Guidelines for Residential Subdivision Street Design (an ITE recommended practice). Institute of
Transportation Engineers, Washington, D.C., 1993.
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways. U.S. Department of
Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1988.
Herms, B.F. "Pedestrian Crosswalk Study: Accidents in Painted and Unpainted Crosswalks" (HRR 406). Highway Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1972.
"City of Long Beach Crosswalk and Pedestrian Safety Study Final Report." Prepared by Willdan and
Associates, Industry California, February 1986.
Knoblauch, R. L., Tustin, B.H., Smith, S. A., and Pietrucha, M. T. "Investigation of Exposure Based
Pedestrian Areas: Crosswalks, Sidewalks, Local Streets AND Major Arterials" (Report No.
FHWA/RD-88/038). Federal Highway Administration, September 1988.
Smith, S.A. and Knoblauch, R.L. "Guidelines for the Installation of Crosswalk Markings" (TRR 1141).
Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1987. Federal Register, Part IV. Department of Transportation, Volume 58, Number 173, September 6, 1991. "Recommended Design Standards for the Florida Pedestrian Design Standards Development Study: Policy Report." Prepared for the Florida DOT by Post Buckley, Schuh and Jerigan, Inc., and Fruin, J., March 1988
Zegeer, C.V. "Pedestrians and Traffic Control Measures" (NCHRP 139). Transportation Research Board, November 1988.
Knoblauch and Crigler, K.L. "Model Pedestrian Safety Program User’s Guide Supplement." Federal
Highway Administration, July 1987.
Bowman, B.L., Fruin, J., and Zegeer, C.V. "Handbook on Planning, Design and Maintenance of
Pedestrian Facilities." Federal Highway Administration, March 1989.
Institute of Transportation Engineers, "Pedestrian Overcrossings—Criteria and Priorities," (Tech. Comm. Report 4EA) Traffic Engineering, October 1972.
Prokopy, J.C., A Manual for Planning Pedestrian Facilities, Report No. DOT-FHWA-74-5, U.S.
Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., June 1974.
Lindley, J.A. "A Method for Evaluating the Feasibility of Grade-Separated Pedestrian Crossings," 1986 TRB meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.
Allos, A.E., "Usage of Pedestrian Footbridges," Traffic Engineering and Control, Great Britain, May 1983.
Van Der Boordt, D.J., "Underpasses for Pedestrians and Cyclists—User Requirements and Implications for Design," Transportation Planning and Technology, 1983, Vol. 8.
Axler, E.A., Warrants for Pedestrian Over and Underpasses, Report No. FHWA/RD-84-082, U.S.
Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., July 1984.
Richter, R.A., King, C. L., Guidelines for Making Crossing Structures Accessible—An Implementation Manual, Report No. FWHA/IP-84/6 U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., August 1980.
Braun, R.R., Roddin, M.F., Quantifying the Benefits of Separating Pedestrians and Vehicles, NCHRP No. 189, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1978. Rodding, M.F., A Manual to Determine Benefits of Separating Pedestrians and Vehicles, NCHRP
Report No. 240, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., November 1981.
Knoblauch, R.L., "Urban Pedestrian Accident Countermeasures Experimental Evaluation," Volume II: Accident Studies, prepared by Bio Technology, Inc., for the National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration and Federal Highway Administration, February 1975.
Transportation and Traffic Engineering Handbook, Institute of Transportation Engineering Handbook,
Institute of Transportation Engineers, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Second Edition, 1982.
Zegeer, C.V., and Zegeer, S.F., "Pedestrians and Traffic Control Measures," Synthesis of Highway
Practice, No. 139, Transportation Research Board, November 1988.
Fitzpatrick, K., Hall, K., Perkinson, D., Nowlin, R.L., and Koppa, R. "Guidelines for the Location and
Design of Bus Stops." TCRP Report 19, 1996.

Chapter 4A-2
Berger, W.G., "Urban Pedestrian Accident Countermeasures Experimental Evaluation, Volume 1:
Behavioral Evaluation Studies," prepared for National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and
Federal Highway Administration, February 1975.

Chapter 4A-3
Bowman, B.L., Fruin, J.J., and Zegeer, C.V., "Planning, Design, and Maintenance of Pedestrian
Facilities," Federal Highway Administration, Report No. FHWA IP-88-019, October 1988.

Chapter 4A-4
Moore, R.I. and Older, S.J., "Pedestrians and Motors are Compatible in Today’s World," Traffic
Engineering, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, D.C., September 1965.

Chapter 4 B – Roadway Design
1. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Guide for the
Development of Bicycle Facilities, AASHTO, Washington, D.C., 1999.
2. ITE Transportation Planning Council Committee, Traditional Neighborhood Development: Street
Design Guidelines, 1997.
3. Oregon Department of Transportation, Oregon Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan, 1995.
4. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. Washington, D.C.: American Association of
Highway and Transportation Officials, 1994.
5. Accessible Rights-of Way: A Design Guide. (DRAFT) Washington, D.C.; US Architectural and
Transportation Barriers Compliance Board (The Access Board), May 1999.
6. Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Part I. Washington, D.C.: US Department of
Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1999
7. Zegeer, C., J. Stutts, and W. Hunter, Pedestrian and Bicyclists-Volume VI: Safety Effectiveness of Highway
Design Features, Report No. FHWA-RD-91-049. Washington, D.C.: FHWA, November 1992.
8. Guidelines for Residential Subdivision Street Design: An ITE Recommended Practice. Washington,
D.C.: Institute of Transportation Engineers, 1993.
9. Guidelines for Urban Major Street Design: An ITE Recommended Practice. Washington, D.C.:
Institute of Transportation Engineers, 1984.
10. Older Pedestrian Characteristics for Use in Highway Design. US Department of Transportation,
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA – RD-93-177) 1993.
11. Priorities and Guidelines for Providing Places for Pedestrian to Walk Along Streets and Highways.
Washington, D.C.: US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, September
15, 1999 (Draft).
12. Untermann, Richard K., Accommodating the Pedestrian. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold
Company, Inc., 1984.
13. Accessible Rights-of Way: A Design Guide, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Access Board and Federal
Highway Administration, November 1999.

Chapter 4C – Intersection Treatments
1. Zegeer, C.V., K.S. Opiela, and M.J. Cynecki, Pedestrian Signalization Alternatives. Report No.
FHWA/RD-83-102. Washington, D.C.: FHWA, 1983.
2. Van Houten, Ron et al., "Field Evaluation of a Leading Pedestrian Interval Signal Phase at Three
Urban Intersections." Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, April 1997.
3. Van Houten, Ron et al., "Use of Animation in LED Pedestrian Signals to Improve Pedestrian Safety."
Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 1998.
4. Zegeer, C.V., and M.J.Cynecki, Methods of Increasing Pedestrian Safety at Right-Turn-on-Red
Intersections. Report No. FHWA/RD-85/047, Washington, D.C.:FHWA, March 1985.
5. Bowman, B.L., J.J. Fruin, and C.V. Zegeer, Handbook on Planning, Design, and Maintenance of
Pedestrian Facilities. Report No. FHWA IP-88-019, Washington, D.C.: FHWA, March 1989.
6. Bentzen, B. and Tabor, L. Accessible Pedestrian Signals. Washington, D.C.: US Architectural and
Transportation Barriers Compliance Board, Publication A37, August, 1998.

Chapter 4D – Traffic Calming
1. Traffic Calming, Auto-Restricted Zones and Other Traffic Management Techniques – Their Effect on Bicycling and Pedestrians, National Bicycling and Walking Study – case Study No. 19, US
Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1994.
2. Zein, Sany R., et al., "Safety Benefits of Traffic Calming," Transportation Research Board 76th
Annual Meeting, January 1997.
3. Institute of Transportation Engineers, Traffic Calming: State of the Practice, August 1999.
4. Denmark Ministry of Transport, Pedestrian Safety: Analyses and Safety Measures, Traffic Safety and Environment, Road Directorate, Report No. 148, 1998.
5. Seattle Engineering Department, "Neighborhood Traffic Circles," Video, Seattle, WA, 1991.
6. Devon County Council Engineering & Planning, Traffic Calming Guidelines, Devon County Council,
Great Britain, 1991.
7. Engwicht, David, Reclaiming our Cities and Towns: Better Living with Less Traffic, New Society
Publishers, Philadelphia, PA, 1993.
8. Institute of Transportation Engineers, ITE Journal, Volume 67, Number 8, August 1997.
9. Institute of Transportation Engineers, ITE Journal, Volume 67, Number 7, July 1997.
10. Institute of Transportation Engineers, Residential Street Design and Traffic Control, Wolfgang
Hamburger et al., 1989.
11. Institute of Transportation Engineers and the Federal Highway Administration, Traffic Calming State of the Art, August 1999.
12. ITE Traffic Engineering Council Speed Humps Task Force, Guidelines for the Design and
Application of Speed Humps, 1997.
13. Transportation Association of Canada and Canadian Institute of Transportation Engineers, Canadian Guide to Neighborhood Traffic Calming, December 1998.
14. Appleyard, Donald. Livable Streets. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.
15. CART – Citizens Advocating Responsible Transportation, Traffic Calming – The Solution to Urban
Traffic and a New Vision for Neighborhood Livability. CART, Ashgrove Australia 1989: reprinted by
Sensible Transportation Options for People (STOP). Oregon 1993.
16. County Surveyors Society, Traffic Calming in Practice, Landor Publishing Ltd., 1994.
Transportation Research Board. "Planning and Implementing Pedestrian Facilities in Suburban and
Developing Rural Areas." National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 294A.
Washington, D.C., June 1987. Bowman, B.L. and Vecellio, R.L., "Investigation of the Impact of Medians on Road Users," Final Report No. FHWA-RD-93-130, 1993.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. "A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets." Washington, D.C., 1990.
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways. U.S. Department of
Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1988.
Residential Street Design and Traffic Control, July 1986, Review Draft, Institute of Transportation
Engineers, B. Beukers, P. Bosselmann, E. Deakin, W. Nomburger, P. Smith.
Urban Street Design Workshop, The Traffic Institute, Northwestern University, May, 1988.
State of the Art Report: Residential Traffic Management, FHWA Report No. RD-80/092, December
1980, D.T. Smith and D. Appleyard Clarke, A. and Dornfeld, M., "National Bicycle and Walking Study: Case Study 19: Traffic Calming, " FHWA, Report PD-93-028, January, 1994.
Ewing, R. and Kooshian, C., "U.S. experience with traffic calming," ITE Journal, August 1997, pp. 28-33.
Leonard, J. and Davis, J., "Urban traffic calming treatments: Performance measures and design confor-mance," ITE Journal, August 1997, pp. 34-39. Reclaiming our streets: A community action plan, Portland Bureau of Traffic Management, Portland, Oregon, February, 1993.
Skene, M., Chartier, G., Erickson D., Mack, G., and Drdul, R., "Developing a Canadian Guide to
Traffic Calming," ITE Journal, July 1997, pp. 34-36.
Spielberg, P., "Traffic engineering for neo-traditional neighborhood design," ITE Technical Committee,
5P-8, February, 1994, ITE, Washington, D.C.
Szplett, D. and Sale, L., "Some challenges in developing neo–traditional neighborhood designs," ITE
Journal, July 1997, pp 42-45.
Zegeer, C., Cynecki, M., Fegan, J., Gilleran, B., Lagerwey, P., Tan, C., and Works, B., FHWA study tour for pedestrian and bicyclist safety in England, Germany and the Netherlands, October 1994, FHWA, DOT.

Chapter 4E – Traffic Management
1. Smith, D. et al., State-of-the-Art, Residential Traffic Management. Report No. FHW-RD-80-092.
Washington, D.C.: FHWA, December 1980.
2. Denmark Ministry of Transport, Speed Management: National Practice and Experiences in Denmark, the Netherlands and in the United Kingdom, Traffic Safety and Environment, Road Directorate, Report No. 167, 1999.

Chapter 4F – Signals and Signs
1. Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and
Highways. Washington, D.C.: FHWA, 1988.
2. Zegeer, C.V., K.S. Opiela, and M.J. Cynecki, Pedestrian Signalization Alternatives. Report No.
FHWA/RD-83-102. Washington, D.C.: FHWA, 1983.
3. Van Houten, Ron et al., "Field Evaluation of a Leading Pedestrian Interval Signal Phase at Three
Urban Intersections." Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, April 1997.
4. Van Houten, Ron et al., "Use of Animation in LED Pedestrian Signals to Improve Pedestrian Safety." Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 1998.
5. Federal Highway Administration, Traffic Control Devices Handbook, Washington, D.C.: FHWA,
1983.
6. Zegeer, C.V., and M.J. Cynecki, Methods of Increasing Pedestrian Safety at Right-Turn-on-Red
Intersections. Report No. FHWA/RD-85/047, Washington, D.C.:FHWA, March 1985.
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways. Federal Highway Administration, 1988.
Zegeer, C., and Zegeer, S. Pedestrian and Traffic Control Measures, Synthesis of Current Practice
(Report No. 139). Transportation Research Board, November, 1988.
Bowman, B. Fruin, J., and Zegeer, C. Handbook on Planning, Design and Maintenance of Pedestrian
Facilities. Federal Highway Administration, March, 1989.
Robertson, H. D. "Pedestrian Preferences for Symbolic Signal Displays," Transportation Engineering, Volume 47, No. 6. Institute for Transportation Engineers, Washington, D.C., June 1977.
Lalani, N. and Baranowski, B. "Reducing Public Confusion About the Use of Pedestrian Signals." ITE Journal. Institute of Transportation Engineers, January 1993.
Abrams, C. and Smith, S. Selection of Pedestrian Signal Phasing (Transportation Research Record No. 629). Transportation Research Board, 1977.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Task Force Right-Turn-On-Red.
"Safety and Delay Impacts of Right-Turn-on-Red." Washington, D.C., 1979.
McGee, H.W. "Accident Experience With Right-Turn-On-Red" (TRR 644). Transportation Research
Board, 1976.
"Guidelines for Prohibition of Turns On Red" (an ITE informational report, ITE committee 4A-17).
ITE Journal. Institute of Transportation Engineers, February 1984.
Traffic Control Devices Handbook. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway
Administration, 1983.
Zegeer, C.V. "Feasibility of Roadway Countermeasures for Pedestrian Accident Experience" (Report P-121). Society of Automotive Engineers, 1983.
Zegeer, C.V., "Pedestrians and Traffic Control Measures, (NCHRP 139), Transportation Research
Board, November 1988.
Knoblauch and Crigler, K.L. "Model Pedestrian Safety Program User’s Guide Supplement." Federal
Highway Administration, July 1987.
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways. U.S. Department of
Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1988.

Chapter 4G: Other Measures
Americans with Disabilities Act Handbook, U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., October 1992.
Zegeer, C.V., and Zegeer, S.F., "Pedestrians and Traffic Control Measures," Synthesis of Highway
Practice, No. 139, Transportation Research Board, November 1988.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. A Policy of Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. Washington, D.C., 1990.
"School Trip Safety Program Guidelines," ITE Journal, Institute of Transportation Engineers, 1985.
Shinder, A., Robertson, H., and Reiss, M. "School Trip Safety and Urban Play Areas, Vol V—Guidelines for the Development of Safe Walking Trips and School Maps," Report NO. FHWA-RD-75-108, Final Report, 1975.
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways. U.S. Department of
Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1988.
Bowman, B.L., Fruin, J., and Zegeer, C.V. "Handbook on Planning, Design and Maintenance of
Pedestrian Facilities." Federal Highway Administration IP-88-019, U.S. Department of
Transportation, March 1989.
Jack Humphries and T. Darcy Sullivan, "Guidelines for the Use of Truck-mounted Attenuators in Work Zones," Transportation Research Board Record No. 1304, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 1991.
Roadside Design Guide, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials,
Washington, D.C., October 1988.
Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Hghway Appurtenances, national Cooperative highway research Program Report No. 230, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, March 1981.

Chapter 5 – Implementation and Resources

Regulations
1. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Transportation,
Federal Highway Administration, 1999 (Draft).
2. "Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability in State and Local Government Services: Final Rule," US Dept. of Justice, 28 CFR Part 35, 56 FR 35694, July 26, 1991.
3. Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards, Department of Defense, Department of Housing and Urban Development, 49 FR 31528, August 7, 1984.
4. Americans with Disabilities Act: Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities, US Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board, 36 CFR Part 1191, 56 FR 35408, US Department of
Justice, 28 CFR Park 36, 56 FR 35544.
Pedestrian User Guides and Handbooks
1. Implementing Pedestrian Improvements at the Local Level, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1998.
2. Florida’s Pedestrian Planning and Design Guidelines.Tallahassee, FL: Florida Department of
Transportation, 1996.
3. Pedestrian Design Guidelines Notebook. Portland, OR, Office of Transportation Engineering and
Development: Pedestrian Program, 1997.
4. Pedestrian Facilities Guidebook: Incorporating Pedestrians Into Washington’s Transportation System. Washington State Department of Transportation, Puget Sound Regional Council, Association of Washington Cities, and County Road Administration Board, September 1997.
5. Pedestrian Area Policies and Design Guidelines. Phoenix, AZ, Maricopa Association of Governments, October 1995 and MAG Pedestrian Plan 2000, Maricopa Association of Governments, 1999 (DRAFT).
6. Planning and Implementing Pedestrian Facilities in Suburban and Developing Rural Areas.
Washington, DC: National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 294B, June 1987.
7. Zegeer, C.V., Portland Pedestrian Crossing Toolbox for Pedestrian Program. Portland, OR: Bureau of Transportation Engineering and Development, City of Portland, June 1995.
8. School Trip Safety Guidelines, ITE Journal, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, D.C., 1985.
9. The Americans with Disabilities Act Title II Technical Assistance Manual, Covering State and Local Governments, US Department of Justice, November 1993.
10. Making Streets that Work. Seattle, Washington: Design Commission, Engineering Department and Strategic Planning Office. April 1995. International Research Pedestrian User Guides and Handbooks.
1. Van Houten, Ron and J.E. Louis Malenfant, Canadian Research on Pedestrian Safety. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, January 1999.
2. Cairney, Peter, Pedestrian Safety in Australia. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, January 1999.
3. Davies, David G., Research, Development, and Implementation of Pedestrian Safety Facilities in the United Kingdom. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway
Administration, 1999.
4. FHWA Study Tour for Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety in England, Germany, and the Netherlands.
Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Report No.
FHWA/PL-95/006, 1994.
5. Gilleran, Brian F. and Greg Pates, Bicycling and Walking in the Nineties and Beyond: Applying
Scandinavian Experience to America’s Challenges. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, January 1999.
6. Hummel, T., Dutch Pedestrian Safety Research Review. Washington, DC: US Department of
Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, January 1999.
7. An Improved Traffic Environment—A Catalogue of Ideas. Copenhagen, Denmark: Road Directorate, Denmark Ministry of Transport. Road Data Laboratory, Road Standard Division Report 106, 1993.

General References
1. Integrating Bicycle and Pedestrian Considerations into State and Local Transportation Planning,
Design, and Operations. Washington, D.C.: National Bicycling and Walking Study – Case Study No.
21, US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1994
2. Jacobs, Allan B., Great Streets. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993.
3. Burrington, Stephen H., "Restoring the Rule of Law and Respect for Communities in
Transportation," Environmental Law Journal, New York University, Volume 5, Number 3, 1996.
4. City of Portland, Offices of transportation, Transportation Engineering and Development, Pedestrian Transportation Program, Portland Pedestrian Master Plan, Portland, OR, June 1998.
5. Conservation Law Foundation, City Routes, City Rights: Building Livable Neighborhoods and
Environmental Justice by Fixing Transportation, June 1998.
6. Denmark Ministry of Transport, An Improved Traffic Environment: A Catalogue of Ideas, Traffic
Safety and Environment, Road Directorate, 1993.
7. Federal Highway Administration, Bicycling & Walking in the Nineties and Beyond: Applying
Scandinavian Experience to America’s Challenge, November 1994.
8. Federal Highway Administration, Flexibility in Highway Design. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., 1997.
9. Federal Highway Administration, Safety Effectiveness of Highway Design Features, Volume VI:
Pedestrians and Bicyclists, 1991.
10. Federal Highway Administration, Study Tour Report for Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety in England, Germany and the Netherlands, October 1994.
11. Institute of Transportation Engineers, The Traffic Safety ToolBox: A Primer on Traffic Safety,
Washington, D.C., 1999.
12. National Highway Institute, US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety and Accommodation, Publication No. FHWA HI-96-028, May 1996.
13. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts, updated yearly.
14. Rodale Press, Inc., Pathways for People, June 1992.
15. Seiderman, Cara, "Traveling at the Speed of Life." In Conservation Matters 4 (Autumn 1997): 20-23.
16. United States Department of Transportation and Rails to Trails Conservancy, Improving Conditions for Bicycling and Walking: A Best Practices Report, January 1998.
17. Whyte, William H., City: Rediscovering the Center, Anchor Books, Doubleday, 1998.
18. Law Enforcement Pedestrian Safety. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Safety Administration, DOT HS 808 008, NTS-23.
19. Federal Highway Administration, Final Report: The National Bicycling and Walking Study.
Washington, D.C.: FHWA, 1994.
20. Institute of Transportation Engineers, Transportation Planning Handbook. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice Hall, 1999 (Draft).
21. Institute of Transportation Engineers, Traffic Engineering Handbook. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999 (Draft)
22. Uniform Vehicle Code. National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances, 1992.
23. Highway Capacity Manual 2000. Washington, D.C.: National Research Council, Transportation
Research Board, 1999 (Draft)
24. A Review of Pedestrian Safety Research in the U.S. and Abroad. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, February 1999.
25. Pedestrian Facilities for Transit Access Project, Evaluation of Needs and Constraints. Cambridge Systematics, Inc., June 1996.
26. Reploge, M. and H. Parcells, Linking Bicycle/Pedestrian Facilities With Transit, October 1992.
27. Institute of Transportation Engineers, Design and Safety of Pedestrian Facilities: A Recommended Practice of the Institute of Transportation Engineers. Washington, D.C.: ITE, March 1998.
28. Knoblauch, R.L., B.H. Tustin, S.A. Smith, and M.T. Petrucha, Investigation of Exposure-Based
Pedestrian Accident Areas: Crosswalks, Sidewalks, Local Streets and Major Arterials. Report No.
FHWA/RD-87-038. Washington, D.C.: FHWA, 1987.
29. Institute of Transportation Engineers, Transportation and Traffic Engineering Handbook,
Washington, D.C.: ITE, 1990.
30. Smith, S. et al., Planning and Implementing Pedestrian Facilities in Suburban and Developing Rural Areas. National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 294A. Washington, D.C.:
Transportation Research Board, June 1987.
31. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Fatal Accident Reporting System, Washington,
D.C., 1992.
32. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Standard Specifications for
Highway Bridges, Washington, D.C., 1989.
33. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Guide Specifications for Bridge Railings, Washington, D.C., 1989.
34. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Washington, D.C., 1984.
35. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Roadway Design Guide,
Washington, D.C., 1989.