Synthesis of Methods for Estimating Pedestrian and Bicyclist Exposure to Risk at Areawide Levels and on Specific Transportation Facilities

Bibliography

Abasahl, F. (2013). Spatial Factors Impacting Non-Motorized Exposures and Crash Risks. Master’s Thesis. Western Michigan University. June 2013.

Abdel-Aty, M. (2003). Analysis of driver injury severity levels at multiple locations using ordered probit models. Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 597–603.

Abdel-Aty, M., and J. Keller. (2005). Exploring the overall and specific crash severity levels at signalized intersections. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 417–425.

Abdel-Aty, M., C. Siddiqui, H. Huang, and X. Wang. (2011) Integrating Trip and Roadway Characteristics to Manage Safety in Traffic Analysis Zones. Transportation Research Record 2213. pp. 20–28.

Abdel-Aty, M., J. Lee, C. Siddiqui, and K. Choi. (2013). Geographical unit based analysis in the context of transportation safety planning. Transportation Research Part A. Vol. 49, pp. 62–75.

Abdelghany, A., Adbelghany, K., Mahmassani, H.S., and Al-Zharani, A. (2012). Dynamic Simulation Assignment Model for Pedestrian Movements in Crowded Networks. Transportation Research Record 2316. pp. 95–105.

Agran PF, Winn DG, Anderson CL, Del Valle C. (1998). Family, social, and cultural factors in pedestrian injuries among Hispanic children. Injury Prevention, Vol. 4, pp. 188–193.

Agran, P. F., D.G. Winn, & C. L. Anderson. (1994). Differences in child pedestrian injury events by location. Pediatrics. Vol. 93, pp.284–288.

Aguero-Valverde, J., and P. P. Jovanis. (2006). Spatial analysis of fatal and injury crashes in Pennsylvania. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 618–625.

Alliance for Biking and Walking. (2016). Bicycling and Walking in the United States: 2016 Benchmarking Report, http://www.bikewalkalliance.org/resources/benchmarking.

Alluri, P., Haleem, K., Gan, A., Lavasani, M., and Saha, D. (2015). Comprehensive Study to Reduce Pedestrian Crashes in Florida. Prepared for the State of Florida Department of Transportation. Final Report, Contract No. BDK80-977-32.

Alta Planning & Design and Institute of Transportation Engineers. (2009a). National Bicycle and Pedestrian Documentation Project DESCRIPTION. Available at http://bikepeddocumentation.org/application/files/2014/6671/8017/NBPD_Description_2009.pdf.

Alta Planning & Design and Institute of Transportation Engineers. (2009b). National Bicycle and Pedestrian Documentation Project Fact Sheet and Status Report. Available at http://bikepeddocumentation.org/application/files/8214/6671/7629/NBPD_Fact_Sheet__Status_Feb_09.pdf

Amoros, E., J. Martin, and B. Laumon. (2003). Comparison of road crashes incidence and severity between some French counties. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 537–547.

An, M. and Chen, M. (2007). Estimating Nonmotorized Travel Demand. Transportation Research Record 2002. pp. 18-25.

Assailly, J. (1997). Characterization and prevention of child pedestrian accidents: An overview. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 257–262.

Atkins, R. M., W. H. Turner, R. B. Duthie, and B. R. Wilde. (1988). Injuries to pedestrians in road traffic accidents. BMJ. Vol. 297, No. 6661, pp. 1431–1434.

Aziz, H. A., S. V. Ukkusuri, and S. Hasan. Exploring the determinants of pedestrian–vehicle crash severity in New York City. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 50, 2013, pp. 1298–1309.

Bagley, C. (1992). The urban setting of juvenile pedestrian injuries: A study of behavioural ecology and social disadvantage. Accident Analysis and Prevention.

Barnes, G. and Krizek, K.J. (2005). Estimating Bicycling Demand. Transportation Research Record 1939. pp. 45–51.

Blaizot, S., Papon, F., Haddak, M. M., and Amoros, E. (2013). Injury Incidence Rates of Cyclists compared to Pedestrians, Car Occupants and Powered Two-Wheeler Riders, Using a Medical Registry and Mobility data, Rhône County, France. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 58, pp. 35-45.

Blanc, B., Johnson, P., Figliozzi, M., Monsere, C., and Nordback, K. (2015). Leveraging Signal Infrastructure for Nonmotorized Counts in a Statewide Program: Pilot Study. Transportation Research Record 2527. pp. 69-79.

Blows, S. (2003). Vehicle year and the risk of car crash injury. Injury Prevention. Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 353–356.

Bly, P., Dix, M., Stephenson, C. (1999). Comparative Study of European Child Pedestrian Exposure and Accidents. MVA Limited, The Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions.

Bradley, J.R., Holan, S.H., and Wikle, C.K. (2016). Multivariate Spatio-Temporal Survey Fusion with Application to the American Community Survey and Local Area Unemployment Statistics. STAT, 5: pp. 224 - 233.

Brude, U., and J. Larsson (1993). Models for Predicting Accidents at Junctions where Pedestrians and Cyclists are Involved. How well do they fit? Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 25(5), pp. 499-509.

Bryden, J. E., & Andrew, L. B. (1999). Serious and fatal injuries to workers on highway construction projects. Transportation Research Record 1657. pp. 42-47.

Cameron, M.H. (1982). A Method of Measuring Exposure to Pedestrian Accident Risk. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 397–405.

Cameron, M.H., Milne, P.W. (1979). Pedestrian Exposure and Risk in New South Wales. Joint ARRB/DOT Pedestrian Conference.

Campbell, B. J. A review of pedestrian safety research in the United States and abroad. Federal Highway Administration, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, McLean, VA, 2004.

Campbell, K.L. (2012). The SHRP 2 naturalistic driving study: Addressing driver performance and behavior in traffic safety. TR News 282, 30-35.

Carlin, J. B., P. Taylor, and T. Nolan. (1995). A case-control study of child bicycle injuries: relationship of risk to exposure. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 839–844.

Chakravarthy, B., C. L. Anderson, J. Ludlow, S. Lotfipour, and F. E. Vaca. (2010). The Relationship of Pedestrian Injuries to Socioeconomic Characteristics in a Large Southern California County. Traffic Injury Prevention. Vol. 11, No. 5, pp. 508–513.

Chapman, R. (1973). The concept of exposure. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 5, pp. 95–110.

Chen, P., and Zhou, Z. (2016) Effects of the built environment on automobile-involved pedestrian crash frequency and risk. Journal of Transport and Health.

Choueiri, E. M., R. Lamm, G. M. Choueiri, and B. M. Choueiri. (1993). Pedestrian Accidents: A 15-Year Survey from the United States and Western Europe. Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal. pp. 36–42.

Chu, X. (2003). The Fatality Risk of Walking in America: A Time-Based Comparative Approach, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Walking in the 21st Century, Portland, OR.

Chu, X. (2009). Measuring Injury Risks from Motor Vehicle Crashes with an Integrated Approach. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security. Vol., 1, No. 3, pp. 190-202.

Clayton, A., and M. Colgan. (2001). Alcohol and Pedestrians — A Final Report to Road Safety Division. Road Safety Research Report No. 20. London, UK: Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions.

Clifton, K. J., and K. Kreamer-Fults. (2007). An examination of the environmental attributes associated with pedestrian–vehicular crashes near public schools. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 708–715.

Clifton, K. J., and Krizek, K. J. (2004). The utility of the NHTS in understanding bicycle and pedestrian travel. Presented at the National Household Travel Survey Conference: understanding our nation’s travel.

Clifton, K.J., Burnier, C.V., Schneider, R., Huang, S., Kang, M.W. (2008). Pedestrian Demand Model for Evaluating Pedestrian Risk Exposure. Report prepared for the Maryland State Highway Administration, Office of Traffic and Safety.

Coffin, A., and Morrall, J. (1995). Walking speeds of elderly pedestrians at crosswalks. Transportation Research Record 1487. pp. 63–67.

Connelly, M. L., H. M. Conaglen, B. S. Parsonson, and R. B. Isler. (1998) Child pedestrians' crossing gap thresholds. Accident Analysis and Prevention Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 443–453.

Conway, A., J. Cheng, D. Peters, and N. Lownes. (2013). Characteristics of Multimodal Conflicts in Urban On-Street Bicycle Lanes. Transportation Research Record 2387. pp. 93–101.

Cottrill, C. D., and P. V. (2010). Thakuriah. Evaluating pedestrian crashes in areas with high low-income or minority populations. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 1718–1728.

Dai, B., Lee, R., Sener, I.N. (2014). Summary of Travel Trends in Austin District: 2009 National Household Travel Survey. Prepared for the Texas Department of Transportation- Austin District.

Dalal, N., and Triggs, B. (2005) Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection. In Computer vision and pattern recognition. IEEE computer society conference. Vol. 1, pp. 886-893.

Das, S., and X. Sun. (2015). Factor Association with Multiple Correspondence Analysis in Vehicle–Pedestrian Crashes. Transportation Research Record 2519. pp. 95–103.

DaSilva, M. P., Smith, J. D., & Najm, W. G. (2003). Analysis of Pedestrian Crashes. (Report No. DOT HS 809 585). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Davies, D. G. (1999). Research, development and implementation of pedestrian safety facilities in the United Kingdom. The Administration, Washington, DC.

Day, C.M., Premachandra, H., and Bullock, D.M.. Rate of Pedestrian Signal Phase Actuation as a Proxy Measurement of Pedestrian Demand. TRB 2016 Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers.

Dellinger, A.M., Langlois, J.A., Li, G. (2002). Fatal crashes among older drivers: Decomposition of rates into contributing factors. American Journal of Epidemiology. Vol. 155, No. 3, pp. 234-241.

Delmelle, E. C., J. C. Thill, and H. H. Ha. (2012). Spatial Epidemiologic Analysis of Relative Collision Risk Factors among Urban Bicyclists and Pedestrians. Transportation, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 433–48.

Dimaggio, C., and M. Durkin. (2002). Child Pedestrian Injury in an Urban Setting Descriptive Epidemiology. Academic Emergency Medicine, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 54–62.

Dimaggio, C., Brady, J., Li., G. (2015). Association of the Safe Routes to School program with school-age pedestrian and bicyclist injury risk in Texas. Injury Epidemiology. Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1-8.

Dixon, K., K. Fitzpatrick, R. Avelar, and S. Das. (2015). Analysis of the Shoulder Widening need on the State Highway System. TxDOT Report: FHWA/TX-15/0-6840-1.

DKS Associates, University of California, Irvine, University of California Santa Barbara, and Utah State University. (2007). Assessment of Local Models and Tools for Analyzing Smart-Growth Strategies. Final Report, Prepared for the California Department of Transportation.

Dozza, M., Werneke, J. and Fernandez, A. (2012). Piloting the naturalistic methodology on bicycles. Proceeding, International Cycling Safety Conference. Helmond, The Netherlands. November 7-8.

Du, E.Y., Yang, K., Jiang, P., Tian, R., Luzetski, M., Chen, Y., Sherony, R. & Takahashi, H. (2013). Pedestrian behavior analysis using 110-car naturalistic driving data in USA. 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (p. 27-30).

Durham Comprehensive Bicycle Transportation Plan. (2006). http://durhamnc.gov/1012/Comprehensive-Bicycle-Transportation-Pla (retrieved 10.27.2016).

Edwards, S., Ivey, S. S., Lipinski, M., Golias, M. M. (2012). Bicycle and Pedestrian Studies Based on Data from National Household Travel Survey. Transportation Research Record 2299. pp. 150-156.

Elvik, R. (2015). Some implications of an event-based definition of exposure to the risk of road accident. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 76, pp. 15–24.

Epperson, B. (1995). Demographic and Economic Characteristics of Bicyclists Involved in Bicycle-Motor Vehicle Accidents. Transportation Research Record 1502. pp. 58–64.

Ernst, M. (2004). Mean Streets 2004 – How Far Have We Come? Pedestrian Safety, 1994-2003. Surface Transportation Policy Project, Report No. HS-043-734.

Ewing, R., and E. Dumbaugh. (2009). The Built Environment and Traffic Safety: A Review of Empirical Evidence. Journal of Planning Literature, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 347–367.

Federal Highway Administration. (2013). Traffic Monitoring Guide. Report No. FHWA-PL-13-015. Available at https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/tmguide/.

Federal Highway Administration. (2016). FHWA New Non-Motorized Travel Analysis Toolkit. Available at http://catsip.berkeley.edu/news/fhwa-new-non-motorized-travel-analysis-toolkit.

Fehr & Peers. (2010). Santa Monica Bicycle and Pedestrian Model Development Report. For City of Santa Monica.

Fontaine, H., and Y. Gourlet. (1997). Fatal pedestrian accidents in France: A typological analysis. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 303–312.

Gallagher, A., and Chen, T. (2009) Understanding images of groups of people. In Proc. CVPR.

Gallop, C., Tse, C., and Zhao, J. (2011). A Seasonal Autoregressive Model of Vancouver Bicycle Traffic Using Weather Variables. I-Manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 1(4), 9–18.

Galloway, D., and A. Patel. (1982). The pedestrian problem: a 12-month review of pedestrian accidents. Injury, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 294–298.

Garder, P.E., (2004). The impact of speed and other variables on pedestrian safety in Maine. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 36, pp. 533–542.

Gawryszewski, V. P., and E. M. S. Rodrigues. (2006). The burden of injury in Brazil, 2003. Sao Paulo Med. J. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, Vol. 124, No. 4.

Goodwin, P.B. and Hutchinson, T.P. (1977). The Risk of Walking. Transportation. Vol. 6, pp. 217-230.

Gordis, L. (2014). Epidemiology (5th Edition). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders.

Graham, D. J., and S. Glaister. (2003). Spatial Variation in Road Pedestrian Casualties: The Role of Urban Scale, Density, and Land Use Mix. Urban Studies, Vol. 40, No. 8, pp. 1591–1607.

Green, J., H. Muir, and M. Maher. (2011). Child pedestrian casualties and deprivation. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 714–723.

Greene-Roesel, R., Diogenes, M.C., Ragland, D.R. (2007). Estimating Pedestrian Accident Exposure: Protocol Report. (In Estimating Pedestrian Accident Exposure: Final Report, California PATH Research Report UCB-ITS-PRR-2010-32, Final Report for Task Orders 5211/6211).

Griffin, G.P. and J. Jiao. (2016) Crowdsourcing Bicycle Volumes: Exploring the Role of Volunteered Geographic Information and Established Monitoring Methods. Journal of the Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, Vol. 27, No. 1.

Griswold, J., Medury, A., and Schneider, R. (2011). Pilot Models for Estimating Bicycle Intersection Volumes. Transportation Research Record 2247. pp. 1–7.

Guevara, F. L. D., S. (2004). Washington, and J. Oh. Forecasting Crashes at the Planning Level: Simultaneous Negative Binomial Crash Model Applied in Tucson, Arizona. Transportation Research Record 1897. pp. 191–199.

Gustafsson, L. and Archer, J. (2013). A naturalistic study of commuter cyclists in the greater Stockholm area. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 58, pp. 286-298.

Hadayeghi, A., A. S. Shalaby, and B. N. Persaud. (2010). Development of planning level transportation safety tools using Geographically Weighted Poisson Regression. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 676–688.

Hadayeghi, A., A. S. Shalaby, B. N. Persaud, and C. Cheung. (2006). Temporal transferability and updating of zonal level accident prediction models. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 579–589.

Hadayeghi, A., A. Shalaby, and B. (2003). Persaud. Macrolevel Accident Prediction Models for Evaluating Safety of Urban Transportation Systems. Transportation Research Record 1840. pp. 87–95.

Hadayeghi, A., A. Shalaby, and B. Persaud. (2010). Development of Planning-Level Transportation Safety Models using Full Bayesian Semiparametric Additive Techniques. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security. Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 45–68.

Haleem, K., P. Alluri, and A. Gan. (2015) Analyzing pedestrian crash injury severity at signalized and non-signalized locations. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 81, pp. 14–23.

Hankey, S. and Lindsey, G. (2016). Facility-Demand Models of Peak-period Pedestrian and Bicycle Traffic : A Comparison of Fully-specified and Reduced-form Models. TRB 2016 Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers.

Hankey, S., Lindsey, G., Wang, X., Borah, J., Hoff, K., Utecht, B. and, Xu, Z. (2012). Estimating Use of Non-motorized Infrastructure: Models of Bicycle and Pedestrian Traffic in Minneapolis, MN. Landscape and Urban Planning. Vol. 107, Issue 3, pp. 307-316.

Harkey, D. L., & Zeeger, C. V. (2004). PEDSAFE: Pedestrian Safety Guide and Countermeasure Selection System, Final Report 2001-2004. (Report No. FHWA-SA-04-003). Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.

Harruff, R. C., A. Avery, and A. S. Alter-Pandya. (1998). Analysis of circumstances and injuries in 217 pedestrian traffic fatalities. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 11–20.

Harwood, D., Torbic, D., Gilmore, D., Bokenkroger, C., Dunn, J., Zegeer, C., Srinivasan, R., Carter, D., Raborn, C., Lyon, C., and Persaud, B. (2008). Pedestrian Safety Prediction Methodology, Final Report for National Highway Cooperative Research Program Project 17-28.

Harwood, D.W., Gilmore, D.,K., Bauer, K.M., Souleyrette, R., Hans, Z.N. (2010). United States Road Assessment Program: Pilot Program/Phase III. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. MRI Project No. 310537.1.021.

Hatfield, J., Murphy, S. (2007). The effects of mobile phone use on pedestrian crossing behaviour at signalized and unsignalised intersections. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 39, pp. 197–205.

Hauer, E. (1982). Traffic conflicts and exposure. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 359–364.

Hauer, E. (1995). On exposure and accident rate. Traffic Engineering + Control. Volume 36, pp. 134–138.

Hemenway, D., T. Christoffe, and S. S. Gallagher. (2000). Injury Prevention and Public Health: Practical Knowledge, Skills, and Strategies. Journal of Public Health Policy. Vol. 21, No. 1, p. 102.

Highway Capacity Manual (HCM). 2010. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies.

Hilton J. (2006). Race and Ethnicity Factors in Fatal Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes 1999–2004. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Holubowycz, O. T. (1995). Age, sex, and blood alcohol concentration of killed and injured pedestrians. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 417–422.

Hong, J., Shankar, V.N. and Venkataraman, N. (2016). A Spatially Autoregressive and Heteroskedastic Space-time Pedestrian Exposure Modeling Framework with Spatial Lags and Endogenous Network Topologies. Analytic Methods in Accident Research. Vol. 10, pp. 26–46.

Howard, I., J. G. Joseph, & J. E. Natale. (2005). Pediatric traumatic brain injury: Do racial/ethnic disparities exist in brain injury severity, mortality, or medical disposition? Ethnicity and Disease, Vol. 15, pp. 51–56.

Huang, H., M. Abdel-Aty, and A. Darwiche. (2010). County-Level Crash Risk Analysis in Florida. Transportation Research Record 2148. pp. 27–37.

Hunter, W. W., & Huang, H. F. (1995). User counts on bicycle lanes and multiuse trails in the United States. Transportation Research Record 1502. pp. 45-57.

Hunter, W., J. Stutts, W. Pein, and C. Cox. (1996). Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Types of the Early 1990’s. Publication FHWA-RD-95-163. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation.

Hyman, I.E., Boss, S.M., Wise, B.M., McKenzie, K.E., Caggiano, J.M., (2010). Did you see the unicycling clown? Inattentional blindness while walking and talking on a cell phone. Applied Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 597–607.

Ibrahim, S. E.-B., and T. Sayed. (2011). Developing safety performance functions incorporating reliability-based risk measures. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 2153–2159.

Jacobsen, P. (2003). Safety in Numbers: More Walkers and Bicyclists, Safer Walking and Bicycling. Injury Prevention, Vol. 9, pp. 205–209.

Jahangiri, A., Rakha, H.A. and Dingus, T.A. (2015). Developing a system architecture for cyclist violation prediction models incorporating naturalistic cycling data. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, 5543-5550.

Johnson, C. (1997) Pedestrian Fatalities on Interstate Highways: Characteristics and Countermeasures. Transportation Research Record 1578. pp. 23–29.

Johnson, M., Charlton, J. and Oxley, J. (2008). Cyclists and red lights—a study of the behaviour of commuter cyclist in Melbourne. In proceedings of 2008 Australasian Road Safety Research, Policing and Education Conference (p. 519-524). Adelaide, South Australia. November.

Johnson, M., Charlton, J., Oxley, J., and Newstead, S. (2010). Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine, 54, 275-283.

Jones, E., and T. Carlson. (2003). Development of Bicycle Compatibility Index for Rural Roads in Nebraska. Transportation Research Record 1828. pp. 124-132.

Jones, M. G, Ryan, S., Donlon, J., Ledbetter, L., Ragland, D.R., and Arnold, L. (2010). Seamless Travel: Measuring Bicycle and Pedestrian Activity in San Diego County and its Relationship to Land Use, Transportation, Safety and Facility Type. Report No. UCB-ITS-PRR-2010-12, Final Report for Task Order 6117.

Kamyab, A., S. Andrle, D. Kroeger, and D. Heyer. (2003). Methods to Reduce Traffic Speed in High-Pedestrian Rural Areas. Transportation Research Record 1828. pp. 31-37.

Karlaftis, M. G., and A. P. Tarko. (1998). Heterogeneity considerations in accident modeling. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 425–433.

Karsch, H., Hedlund, J., Tison, J., and Leaf, W. (2012). Review of Studies on Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety, 1991-2007. NHTSA.

Keall, M.D. (1995). Pedestrian Exposure to Risk of Road Accident in New Zealand. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 729–740.

Kerr, Z.Y., Rodriguez, D.A., Evenson, K.R., Aytur, S.A. (2013). Pedestrian and bicycle plans and the incidence of crash-related injuries. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 50, pp. 1252-1258.

Kim, K., I. Brunner, and E. Yamashita. (2006). Influence of Land Use, Population, Employment, and Economic Activity on Accidents. Transportation Research Record 1953. pp. 56–64.

King, W. D., and P. A. Palmisano. (1992). Racial differences in childhood hospitalized pedestrian injuries. Pediatric Emergency Care, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 221–224.

Klop, J., and A. Khattak. (1999). Factors Influencing Bicycle Crash Severity on Two-Lane, Undivided Roadways in North Carolina. Transportation Research Record 1674. pp. 78–85.

Knoblauch, R. L., B. H. Justin, S. A. Smith, and M. T. Pretrucho. (1987). Investigation of Exposure-Based Pedestrian Accident Area: Crosswalks, Sidewalks, Local Streets, and Major Arterials. Report FHWA/RD-87-038. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation.

Koepsell, T. (2002). Crosswalk Markings and the Risk of Pedestrian–Motor Vehicle Collisions in Older Pedestrians. The Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 288, No. 17, p. 2136.

Kothuri, S. M., Reynolds, T., Monsere, C. M., and Koonce, P. J. (2012). Preliminary Development of Methods to Automatically Gather Bicycle Counts and Pedestrian Delay at Signalized Intersections. TRB 2012 Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers.

Kroll, B., and M. R. Ramey. (1977). Effects of Bike Lanes on Driver and Bicyclist Behavior. Journal of Transportation Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 103, No. 2.

Laflamme, L. (2000). Social differences in traffic injury risks in childhood and youth--a literature review and a research agenda. Injury Prevention, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 293–298.

Lagerwey, P., Hintze, M., Elliott, J., Toole, J., and Schneider, R. (2015). NCHRP REPORT 803: Pedestrian and Bicycle Transportation Along Existing Roads—ActiveTrans Priority Tool Guidebook. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.

LaScala, E. A., D. Gerber, and P. J. Gruenewald. (2000). Demographic and environmental correlates of pedestrian injury collisions: a spatial analysis. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 651–658.

Lassarre, S., Papadimitriou, E., Yannis, G. and Golias, J. (2007). Measuring Accident Risk Exposure for Pedestrians in Different Micro-Environments. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 1226–1238.

Last, John M. et al., editors. (1995). A Dictionary of Epidemiology. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.

Leaf, W. A., and D. F. Preusser. (1999). Literature review on vehicle travel speeds and pedestrian injuries. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Leaf, W. A., Shabanova Northrup, V., & Preusser, D. F. (2005). Evaluation of Alternative Approaches for Reducing Alcohol-Related Crashes Among Pedestrian Targets of Opportunity. DTNH22-98-D-45079, Draft Final Report. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

LeBlanc, D., Sayer, J., Winkler, C., Bogard, S. (2007). Field test results of a road departure crash warning system: driver utilization and safety implications. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design (p. 246-252). Washington DC.

LeBlanc, D., Sayer, J., Winkler, C., Ervin, R., Bogard, S., Devonshire, J., Mefford, M., Hagan, M., Bareket, Z., Goodsell, R., Gordon, T. (2006). Road Departure Crash Warning System Field Operational Test: Methodology and Results. Report No. UMTRI-2006-9-1. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.

Leden, L. (2002). Pedestrian risk decrease with pedestrian flow. A case study based on data from signalized intersections in Hamilton, Ontario. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 34, pp. 457-464.

Lee, C., and M. Abdel-Aty. (2005). Comprehensive analysis of vehicle–pedestrian crashes at intersections in Florida. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 775–786.

Levine, N., Kim, K.E., Nitz, L.H., (1995). Spatial analysis of Honolulu motor vehicle crashes: II. Zonal generators. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 27, pp. 675–685.

Li, G., & Baker, S. P. (1994). Alcohol in fatally injured bicyclists. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol, 26, No. 4, pp. 543-548.

Liggett, R., Huff, H., Taylor-Gratzer, R., Wong, N., Benitez, D., Douglas, T., Howe, J., Cooper, J., Griswold, J., Amos, D., Proulx, F. (2016). Bicycle Crash Risk: How Does It Vary, and Why? Caltrans Task No. 2801.

Limpert, R., (1994). Motor Vehicle Crash Reconstruction and Cause Analysis. Michie Company, Charlottesville, SC.

Lin, P.S, Kourtellis, A., Wang, Z., & Guo, R. (2015). Understanding Interactions between Drivers and Pedestrian Features at Signalized Intersections. Tampa, FL: Center for Urban Transportation Research, University of South Florida.

Litman, T. and S. Fitzroy, (2009). Safe travels: evaluating mobility management traffic safety impacts.

Litman, T. Evaluating Safety and Health Impacts. Victoria Transport Policy Institute, 2008. Available at http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm58.cfm.

Loukaitou-Sideris, A., R. Liggett, and H.-G. Sung. (2007). Death on the Crosswalk: A Study of Pedestrian-Automobile Collisions in Los Angeles. Journal of Planning Education and Research. Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 338–351.

Luoma, J., J. Schumann & E.C. Trauba (1995). Effects of retro-reflective positioning on night-time recognition of pedestrians (Report No. UMTRI-95-18). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.

Lyon, C., and Persaud, B. (2002). Pedestrian Collision Models for Urban Intersections. Transportation Research Record 1818.

Lyons, W., Rasmussen, B., Daddio, D., Fijalkowski, J., Simmons, J. (2014). Nonmotorized Transportation Pilot Program: Continued Progress in Developing Walking and Bicycling. Report No. DOT-VNTSC-FHWA-14-04.

Macnab, Y. (2002). Bayesian spatial and ecological models for small-area accident and injury analysis. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 36, pp. 1028-1091.

Macpherson, A., I. Roberts, and I. B. Pless. (1998). Children's exposure to traffic and pedestrian injuries. American Journal of Public Health. Vol. 88, No. 12, pp. 1840–1843.

Marshall, W., N. Garrick, and G. Hansen. (2008). Reassessing On-Street Parking. Transportation Research Record 2046. pp. 45–52.

McDaniel, S., Lowry, M. and Dixon, M. (2014). Using Origin-Destination Centrality to Estimate Directional Bicycle Volumes. Transportation Research Record 2430. pp. 12–19.

McKenzie, B. (2014).Modes Less Traveled: Commuting by Bicycle and Walking in the United States, 2008–2012, American Community Survey Reports, ACS-26, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC.

Mcmahon, P., C. Duncan, J. Stewart, C. Zegeer, and A. Khattak. (1999). Analysis of Factors Contributing to "Walking Along Roadway" Crashes. Transportation Research Record 1674. pp. 41–48.

Miles-Doan, R. (1996). Alcohol use among pedestrians and the odds of surviving an injury: Evidence from Florida law enforcement data. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 23–31.

Miranda-Moreno, L., Morency, P., El-Geneidy, A., (2011). The link between built environment, pedestrian activity and pedestrian–vehicle collision occurrence at signalized intersections. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 1624–1634.

Miranda-Moreno, L., Strauss, J., and Morency, P. (2011). Disaggregate Exposure Measures and Injury Frequency Models of Cyclist Safety at Signalized Intersections. Transportation Research Record 2236, pp. 74–82.

Mizuno, K., and J. Kajzer. (1999). Compatibility problems in frontal, side, single car collisions and car-to-pedestrian accidents in Japan. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 381–391.

Molino, J.A., Kennedy, J.F., Inge, P.J., Bertola, M. A., Beuse, P A., Fowler, N.L., Emo, A.K., Do, A. (2012). A Distance-Based Method to Estimate Annual Pedestrian and Bicyclist Exposure in an Urban Environment. Report No. FHWA-HRT-11-043.

Molino, J.A., Kennedy, J.F., Johnson, P.L., Beuse, P.A., Emo, A.K., Do, A. (2009). Pedestrian and Bicyclist Exposure to Risk: Methodology for Estimation in an Urban Environment. Transportation Research Record 2140. pp. 145-156.

Moudon, A. V., L. Lin, J. Jiao, P. Hurvitz, and P. Reeves. (2011). The risk of pedestrian injury and fatality in collisions with motor vehicles, a social ecological study of state routes and city streets in King County, Washington. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 11–24.

Mueller, B. A., F. P. Rivara, and A. B. Bergman. (1988). Urban-rural location and the risk of dying in a pedestrian-vehicle collision. The Journal of Trauma. Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 91–94

Naderan, A., and J. Shahi. (2010). Aggregate crash prediction models: Introducing crash generation concept. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 339–346.

Nasar, J., Hecht, P., Wener, R., (2008). Mobile telephones, distracted attention, and pedestrian safety. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 40, pp. 69–75.

National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO). (2016). Equitable Bike Share Means Building Better Places for People to Ride. NACTO Bike Share Equity Practitioners’ Paper #3.

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC). (2006). WISQARSTM (Web-Based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System). Retrieved March 8, 2006, from https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/)

National Center for Statistics and Analysis, (2008). National Pedestrian Crash Report. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

National Complete Streets Coalition. (2014). Dangerous by Design 2014. Prepared for the Smart Growth America. May 2014.

National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) (2015) Expert Panel Review of the 2016 National Household Travel Survey. April 28, 2015. http://nhts.ornl.gov/2016/pub/20151019Report.pdf

Navarro, F. (2012). An introduction to ACS statistical methods and lessons learned. Paper presented at the Measuring People in Place conference, Boulder, CO. http://www.colorado.edu/ibs/cupc/workshops/measuring_people_in_place/themes/theme1/navarro.pdf.

Ng, K.-S., W.-T. Hung, and W.-G. Wong. (2002). An algorithm for assessing the risk of traffic accident. Journal of Safety Research. Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 387–410.

NHTSA, 2011. Traffic Safety Facts 2009 Data. Bicyclists and other Cyclists. . (Report No. DOT HS 811 386. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Available at https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/811386.

Noland, R. B. (2003). Traffic fatalities and injuries: the effect of changes in infrastructure and other trends. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 599–611.

Noland, R. B., and L. Oh. (2004). The effect of infrastructure and demographic change on traffic-related fatalities and crashes: a case study of Illinois county-level data. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 525–532.

Noland, R. B., and M. A. Quddus. (2004). A spatially disaggregate analysis of road casualties in England. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 36, No. 6, pp. 973–984.

Noland, R., and M. Quddus. (2004). Analysis of Pedestrian and Bicycle Casualties with Regional Panel Data. Transportation Research Record 1897. pp. 28–33.

Nordback, K., Kothuri, S., Petritsch, T., McLeod, P., Rose, E., Twaddell, H. (2016). Exploring Pedestrian Counting Procedures. Report No. FHWA-HPL-16-026.

Obaidat, M., H. Al-Masaeid, O. Al-Haji, and A. Qudah. (2007). A Knowledge-based System for Pedestrian’s Roadway Crossing Behavior through Video Cameras. Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering. Volume 1, No. 2.

Onieva-Garcia, M.A., Martinez-Ruiz, V., Lardelli-Claret, P., Jimenez-Moleon, J.J., Amezcua-Prieto, C., Luna-del-Castillo, J.D., Jimenez-Mejias, E. (2016). Gender and age differences in components of traffic-related pedestrian death rates: exposure, risk of crash and fatality rate. Injury Epidemiology. Vol 3, p. 14.

Öström, M., and A. Eriksson. (2001). Pedestrian fatalities and alcohol. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 173–180.

Owen, D.A., & Sivak, M. (1993). The role of reduced visibility in night-time road fatalities (Report No. UMTRI-93-33). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.

Oxley, J., B. Fildes, E. Ihsen, J. Charlton, and R. Day. (1997). Differences in traffic judgements between young and old adult pedestrians. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 839–847.

Oxley, J., M. Lenné, and B. Corben. (2006). The effect of alcohol impairment on road-crossing behaviour. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 258–268.

Pai, C.W. & Jou, R.C. (2014). Cyclists’ red-light running behaviours: An examination of risk-taking, opportunistic, and law-obeying behaviours. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 62, pp. 191-198.

Palamarthy, S., Mahmassani, H. S., & Machemehl, R. B. (1994). Models of pedestrian crossing behavior at signalized intersection. Report No. FHWA/TX-94+1296-1. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.

Papadimitriou, E., Yannis, G., and Golias, J. (2012). Analysis of Pedestrian Exposure to Risk in Relation to Crossing Behavior. Transportation Research Record 2299. pp. 79–90.

Peden, M. M. (2004). World report on road traffic injury prevention. World Health Organization, Geneva.

Poch, M., and F. Mannering. (1996). Negative Binomial Analysis of Intersection-Accident Frequencies. Journal of Transportation Engineering. Vol. 122, No. 2, pp. 105–113.

Ponnaluri, R., and F. Nagar. (2010). ‘Road Crash Risk among Vulnerable Population Groups in Andhra Pradesh, India.’ Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board 89th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.

Pucher, J., Buehler, R., Merom, D., Bauman, A. (2011) Walking and cycling in the United States, 2001–2009: evidence from the national household travel surveys. American Journal of Public Health, 101 (suppl 1), pp. S310–S317.

Pulugurtha, S.S. and Repaka, S.R. (2008). Assessment of Models to Measure Pedestrian Activity at Signalized Intersections. Transportation Research Record 2073. pp 39–48.

Qi, B., John, V., Liu, Z., and Mita, S. (2016). Pedestrian detection from thermal images: A sparse representation based approach. Infrared Physics & Technology, Vol. 76, pp. 157–167.

Qin, X. and Ivan, J. (2001). Estimating Pedestrian Exposure Prediction Model in Rural Areas. Transportation Research Record 1773. pp. 89–96.

Quddus, H. N., Tarawneh, M. S., McCoy, P. T., & Kachman, S. D. (1996). Effect of vehicle-pedestrian conflicts of “turning traffic must yield to pedestrians” sign. Transportation Research Record 1553. pp. 38-4

Quddus, M. A. (2008). Modelling area-wide count outcomes with spatial correlation and heterogeneity: An analysis of London crash data. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 1486–1497.

Radwan, E., Abou-Senna, H., Mohamed, A., Navarro, A., Minaei, N., Wu, J., and Gonzalez, L. (2016). Assessment of Sidewalk/Bicycle-Lane Gaps with Safety and Developing Statewide Pedestrian Crash Rates. Prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation. Final Report, Contract No. BDV24-977-07.

Raford, N. and Ragland, D. (2004). Space Syntax: Innovative Pedestrian Volume Modeling Tool for Pedestrian Safety. Transportation Research Record 1878. pp. 66-74.

Raford, N. and Ragland, D.R. (2006) Pedestrian Volume Modeling for Traffic Safety and Exposure Analysis: Case of Boston, Massachusetts. TRB 2006 Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers.

Rasmussen, B., Rousseau, G., Lyons, W. (2012). Estimating the Impacts of the Nonmotorized Transportation Pilot Program: Developing a New Community-Wide Assessment Method. TRB 2013 Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers.

Renski, H., A. Khattak, and F. (1999). Council. Effect of Speed Limit Increases on Crash Injury Severity: Analysis of Single-Vehicle Crashes on North Carolina Interstate Highways. Transportation Research Record 1665. pp. 100–108.

Retting, R. A. (1993). A review of fatal injuries to pedestrians induced by urban truck crashes. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Proceedings, 37th Annual Conference, San Antonio, TX, November 4-6, 1993, 128p.

Retting, R. A., S. A. Ferguson, and A. T. Mccartt. (2003). A Review of Evidence-Based Traffic Engineering Measures Designed to Reduce Pedestrian–Motor Vehicle Crashes. American Journal of Public Health. Vol. 93, No. 9, pp. 1456–1463.

Retting, R., and Rothenberg, H. (2015). Pedestrian Traffic Fatalities by State: 2015 Preliminary Data. Prepared for the Governors Highway Safety Association.

Rivara, F. P., and M. Barber. (1986) Demographic Analysis Of Childhood Pedestrian Injuries. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 375-381.

Roberts, I., R. Norton, R. Jackson, R. Dunn, and I. Hassal. (1995). Effect of Environmental Factors on Risk of Injury of Child Pedestrians by Motor Vehicles: A Case-control Study. British Medical Journal. Volume 310, No. 6972, pp. 91–94.

Rodgers, G. B. (1995). Bicyclist deaths and fatality risk patterns. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 215-223.

Rosén, E., H. Stigson, and U. (2011). Sander. Literature review of pedestrian fatality risk as a function of car impact speed. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 25–33.

Rothman, K.J., Greenland, S., Lash, T.L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd Edition). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins.

Royal, D. & Miller-Steiger, D. (2008). 2002 National Survey of Bicyclist and Pedestrian Attitudes and Behavior, Volume 1: Summary Report. Report No. DOT HS 810 971. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. August 2008.

Ryus, P., Ferguson, E., Laustsen, K.M., Schneider, R.J., Proulx, F.R., Hull, T., Miranda-Moreno, L. (2014). Guidebook on Pedestrian and Bicycle Volume Data Collection. NCHRP Report 797.

Salon, D. & Handy, S. (2014). Estimating Total Miles Walked and Biked by Census Tract in California. Research Report No. UCD-ITS-RR-14-07.

Salon, D. (2016). Estimating Pedestrian and Cyclist Activity at the Neighborhood Scale. Journal of Transport Geography. Vol. 55, pp. 11–21.

Santos, A., McGuckin, N., Nakamoto, H.Y., Gray, D., Liss, S. (2011). Summary of Travel Trends: 2009 National Household Travel Survey. Report No. FHWA-PL-11-022.

Schleinitz, K., Petzoldt, T., Franke-Bartholdt, L., Krems, J. & Gehlert, T. (2015). The German naturalistic cycling study: Comparing cycling speed of riders of different e-bikes and conventional bikes. Safety Science, dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.07.027.

Schmiedeskamp, P. and Zhao, W., (2016). Estimating Daily Bicycle Counts in Seattle, Washington, from Seasonal and Weather Factors. Transportation Research Record 2593. pp. 94–102.

Schneider, R. and Stefanich, J. (2015). Wisconsin Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis: 2011-2013. Prepared for the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT), Bureau of Transportation Safety (BOTS). Final Draft.

Schneider, R., Arnold, L., & Ragland, D. (2009). Pilot Model for Estimating Pedestrian Intersection Crossing Volumes. Transportation Research Record 2140. pp. 13–26.

Schneider, R.J., Grembek, O., Braughton, M. (2013). Pedestrian Crash Risk on Boundary Roadways: University Campus Case Study. Transportation Research Record 2393. pp 164–173.

Schneider, R.J., Henry, T., Mitman, M.F., Stonehill, L., Koehler, J. (2012). Development and Application of a Pedestrian Volume Model in San Francisco, California. Transportation Research Record 2299. pp. 65–78.

Schneider, R., Diogenes, M., Arnold, L., Attaset, V., Griswold, J., and Ragland, D. (2011). Association Between Roadway Intersection Characteristics and Pedestrian Crash Risk in Alameda County, California. Transportation Research Record  2236, pp. 74–82.

Schroeder, P. & Wilbur, M. (2013a). 2012 National Survey of Bicyclist and Pedestrian Attitudes and Behavior, Volume 1: Summary Report. Report No. DOT HS 811 841 A. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. October 2013.

Schroeder, P. & Wilbur, M. (2013b). 2012 National Survey of Bicyclist and Pedestrian Attitudes and Behavior, Volume 2: Findings Report. Report No. DOT HS 811 841 B. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. October 2013.

Schroeder, P. & Wilbur, M. (2013c). 2012 National Survey of Bicyclist and Pedestrian Attitudes and Behavior, Volume 3: Methodology Report. Report No. DOT HS 811 841 C. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. October 2013.

Schwartz, W., Porter, C. (2000). Bicycle and Pedestrian Data: Sources, Needs, & Gaps. Report No. BTS00-02.

Sciortino S, Vassar M, Radetsky M, Knudson MM. (2005). San Francisco Pedestrian injury surveillance: mapping, under-reporting, and injury severity in police and hospital records. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 37, pp. 1102–1113.

Sharp, J., and Murakami, E. (2005) Travel surveys: Methodological and technology-related considerations. Journal of Transportation and Statistics, 8 (3), pp. 97-113.

Shaw, J.W., M.V. Chitturi, Y. Han, W. Bremer, and D.A. Noyce. (2016). Bicyclist and Pedestrian Safety in Work Zones: Recent Advances and Future Directions. In Transportation Research Board 95th Annual Meeting (No. 16-1471).

Siddiqui, C., and M. Abdel-Aty. (2012). Nature of Modeling Boundary Pedestrian Crashes at Zones. Transportation Research Record 2299. pp. 31–40.

Siddiqui, N., X. Chu, and M. (2006). Guttenplan. Crossing Locations, Light Conditions, and Pedestrian Injury Severity. Transportation Research Record 1982. pp. 141–149.

Spainhour, L., and I. (2007). Wootton. Modeling Fault in Fatal Pedestrian Crashes by Using Various Data Sources. Transportation Research Record 2002. pp. 64–71.

Spainhour, L., I. Wootton, J. Sobanjo, and P. Brady. (2006). Causative Factors and Trends in Florida Pedestrian Crashes. Transportation Research Record 1982. pp. 90–98.

Spielman, S. E., and D. C. Folch. (2014). Reducing uncertainty in the American Community Survey through data-driven regionalization. PloS ONE 10 (2):e0115626.

Spielman, S. E., Folch, D. C., and Nagle, N. N. (2014). Patterns and causes of uncertainty in the American Community Survey. Applied Geography, 46:pp. 147–157.

Spielman, S.E. and Singleton, A. (2015) Studying Neighborhoods Using Uncertain Data from the American Community Survey: A Contextual Approach, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 105:5, pp. 1003-1025.

Stavrinos, D., Byington, K.W., Schwebel, D.C., (2011). Distracted walking: cell phones increase injury risk for college pedestrians. Journal of Safety Research. Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 101–107.

Strauss, J. and Miranda-Moreno, L.F. (2013). Spatial Modeling of Bicycle Activity at Signalized Intersections. Journal of Transport and Land Use. Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 47–58.

Strauss, J., Miranda-Moreno, L.F., and Morency, P. (2013). Cyclist Activity and Injury Risk Analysis at Signalized Intersections: A Bayesian modelling approach. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 59, pp. 9–17.

Strauss, J., Miranda-Moreno, L.F., and Morency, P. (2014). Multimodal Injury Risk Analysis of Road Users at Signalized and Non-Signalized Intersections. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 71, pp. 201–209.

Sullivan, J. M., and M. J. Flannagan. (2011). Differences in geometry of pedestrian crashes in daylight and darkness. Journal of Safety Research. Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 33–37.

Sze, N., and S. Wong. (2007). Diagnostic analysis of the logistic model for pedestrian injury severity in traffic crashes. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 1267–1278.

Tabeshian, M. and Kattan, L. (2014). Modeling Non-motorized Travel Demand at Intersections in Calgary, Canada. Transportation Research Record 2430. pp. 38–46.

Tan, B., Zhang, J., and Wang, L. (2011). Semi-supervised Elastic net for pedestrian counting. Pattern Recognition, Vol. 44, pp. 2297–2304.

Tarko, A., and M. S. Azam. (2011). Pedestrian injury analysis with consideration of the selectivity bias in linked police-hospital data. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 1689–1695.

Tefft, B. C. (2011). Impact Speed and a Pedestrian's Risk of Severe Injury or Death. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety.

Tian, R., Li, L., Yang, K., Chien, S., Chen, Y. & Sherony, R. (2014). Estimation of the vehicle-pedestrian encounter/conflict risk on the road based on TASI 110-car naturalistic driving data collection. 2014 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium Proceedings (p. 623-629).

Tobey, H.N., Shunamen, E.M., Knoblauch, R.L. (1983). Pedestrian Trip Making Characteristics and Exposure Measures. Report FHWA/RD-83/062.

Tome, D., Monti, F., Baroffio, L., Bondi, L., Tagliasacchi, M., and Tubaro, S. (2016). Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for pedestrian detection. Signal Processing: Image Communication, Vol. 47, pp. 482–489.

Transportation Research Board (TRB) (2013). Transportation Research Circular E-C178: Exploring New Directions for the National Household Travel Survey. Phase One Report of Activities (October 2013): http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec178.pdf.

Transportation Research Board (TBR) (2016). Transportation Research Circular E-C217: Exploring New Directions for the National Household Travel Survey. Phase Two Report of Activities (December 2016): http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/circulars/ec217.pdf.

Transport Research Laboratory. (2001). Cost-Benefit Analysis of Measures for Vulnerable Road Users. Deliverable D 5 for European Research Project PROMISING (Promotion of Measures for Vulnerable Road Users).

Tyrrell RA, Wood JM, Carberry TP. (2004) On-road measures of pedestrians’ estimates of their own nighttime conspicuity. Journal of Safety Research. Vol. 35, No. 5. Pp. 483-90.

Tyrrell, R. A., & Patton, C. W. (1998). The effectiveness of educating pedestrians about their own nighttime visibility. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 42nd Annual Meeting, Chicago IL, October 5-9, 1998, Proceedings, Volume 2, pp. 1205-09.

Tyrrell, R. A., Patton, C. W., & Brooks, J. O. (2004). Educational interventions successfully reduce pedestrians’ overestimates of their own nighttime visibility. Human Factors. Vol. 46, pp. 170-182.

U.S. Department of Transportation. (2001). Traffic safety facts 2001: Pedestrians (Publication No. DOT HS 809 478). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Ukkusuri, S., S. Hasan, and H. Aziz. (2011). Random Parameter Model Used to Explain Effects of Built-Environment Characteristics on Pedestrian Crash Frequency. Transportation Research Record 2237. pp. 98–106.

Ulfarsson, G. F., S. Kim, and K. M. Booth. (2010). Analyzing fault in pedestrian–motor vehicle crashes in North Carolina. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 1805–1813.

US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. PEDSAFE: Pedestrian Safety Guide and Countermeasure Selection System (2013). Authors: C.V. Zegeer. D. Nabors, and P. Lagerwey, Available online, http://www.pedbikesafe.org/PEDSAFE/index.cfm.

US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. BIKESAFE: Bicycle Safety Guide and Countermeasure Selection System (2014). Primary Authors: C. Sundstrom and D. Nabors, Contributing Authors: M. Hintze, B. Schultheiss, P. Lagerwey, and K. Langford, Available online, http://www.pedbikesafe.org/bikesafe/authors.cfm.

Vanparijs, J., Panis, L.I., Meeusen, R. & de Geus, B. (2015). Exposure measurement in bicycle safety analysis: A review of the literature. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 84, pp. 9-19.

Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 673–678.

Vyrostek, S. B., J. L. Annest, and G. W. Ryan. (2001). Surveillance for Fatal and Nonfatal Injuries--United States,. PsycEXTRA Dataset. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwR/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5307a1.cfm.

Wang, J., Lindsey, G., and Hankey, S. (2016). Exposure to Risk and the Built Environment, an Empirical Study of Bicycle Crashes in Minneapolis. TRB 2017 Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers.

Wang, X., M. Abdel-Aty, and P. Brady. (2006). Crash Estimation at Signalized Intersections: Significant Factors and Temporal Effect. Transportation Research Record 1953. pp. 10–20.

Wang, Y., and Kockelman, K. (2013). A Poisson-lognormal conditional autoregressive model for multivariate spatial analysis of pedestrian crash counts across neighborhoods. Accident Analysis & Prevention, Vol. 60, pp. 71–84.

Washington, S., Schalkwyk, I.V., You, D., Shin, K., Samuelson, J.P., 2010. PLANSAFE User Manual: Forecasting the Safety Impacts of Socio-Demographic Changes and Safety Countermeasures. NCHRP 8-44(2)

Wazana A, V.L. Rynard, P. Raina, P. Krueger. (2000). Are child pedestrians at increased risk of injury on one-way compared to two-way streets? Canadian Journal of Public Health. Vol. 91, No. 3, pp. 201.

Wei R, Tong D, and Phillips J.M. (2016). An integrated classification scheme for mapping estimates and errors of estimation from the American Community Survey. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. In Press.

Werneke, J. and Dozza, M. (2014). Integrating road safety data for single-bicycle crash causation. 2014 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings, 442-443. Berlin, Germany.

Whitebread, D., and K. Neilson. (2000). The contribution of visual search strategies to the development of pedestrian skills by 4-11 year-old children. British Journal of Educational Psychology. Vol. 70, No. 4, pp. 539–557.

Wier, M., J. Weintraub, E. H. Humphreys, E. Seto, and R. Bhatia. (2009). An area-level model of vehicle-pedestrian injury collisions with implications for land use and transportation planning. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 137–145.

Wills, K. E., K. K. Christoffel, J. V. Lavigne, R. R. Tanz, J. L. Schofer, M. Donovan, and K. Kalangis. (1997). Patterns and Correlates of Supervision in Child Pedestrian Injury. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 89–104.

Wolfe, A.C. (1982). The Concept of Exposure to the Risk of a Road Traffic Accident and an Overview of Exposure Data Collection Methods. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 337–340.

World Health Organization. (2009). Global Status Report on Road Safety: Time for Action. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2009/en/.

Wu, C., Yao, L. & Zhang, K. (2012). The red-light running behavior of electric bike riders and cyclists at urban intersections in China: An observational study. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 49, pp. 186-192.

Yin, L, Cheng, Q., Zhenxin, W., and S. Zhenfeng. (2015). ‘Big data’ for pedestrian volume: Exploring the use of Google Street View images for pedestrian counts. Applied Geography, Vol. 63, pp. 337-345.

Zajac, S. S., and J. N. Ivan. (2003). Factors influencing injury severity of motor vehicle–crossing pedestrian crashes in rural Connecticut. Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 369–379.

Zegeer, C., Opiela, K., and Cynecki, M. (1985). Pedestrian Signalization Alternatives. Report No. FHWA/RD 83/102, Federal Highway Administration.

Zegeer, C., J. Stewart, H. Huang, and P. Lagerwey. (2001). Safety Effects of Marked Versus Unmarked Crosswalks at Uncontrolled Locations: Analysis of Pedestrian Crashes in 30 Cities. Transportation Research Record 1773. pp. 56–68.

Zegeer, C., Stewart, J., Huang, H., Lagerway, P., Feaganes, J., and Campbell, B. (2005). Safety Effects of Marked versus Unmarked Crosswalks at Uncontrolled Locations: Final Report and Recommended Guidelines, Report No. FHWA-RT- 04-100, Federal Highway Administration.